What is HIV?
HIV is a chronic infection caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, of which there are two known types, HIV 1 and HIV 2. This virus is transmitted through certain fluids such as blood, vaginal fluids, semen, pre-ejaculatory fluids, rectal fluids and breast milk.
The body can become infected when these fluids come into contact with a mucous membrane or damaged tissue (such as a skin wound) or directly into the bloodstream.
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What are the symptoms of HIV?
HIV is considered a silent infection because it can be symtomless or result in very non-specific symptoms.
When it infects the body, HIV begins to destroy the immune system, which becomes unable to defend itself against potentially fatal diseases.
In the first 3 to 6 weeks (acute phase), symptoms such as fever and discomfort may appear, often mistaken for the flu. This is because the virus begins to multiply very rapidly and attacks the immune system.
About 4 to 6 weeks after infection, the immune system begins to react and produce anti-HIV antibodies.At this stage, an equilibrium is reached in which the virus persists in the body without significantly compromising the immune system. This is the asymptomatic phase and can last for years or even decades.
When the body can no longer control the spread of the virus, it becomes weakened, marking the onset of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). At this stage, a range of opportunistic infections can develop, which may ultimately be life-threatening. The most common symptoms at this stage are fever, diarrhoea, weight loss, night sweats, weakness and other symptoms associated with the diseases that are acquired.
How is HIV transmitted?
You can contract HIV through:
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Unprotected sex (anal or vaginal), with receptive anal sex carrying the highest risk.
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Sharing syringes or other equipment for injecting drugs.
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Being accidentally pricked by a contaminated needle or other sharp object.
HIV can also be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding, due to the exchange of maternal and fetal blood.
Ways to prevent HIV infection
HIV can be prevented by using condoms during all sexual activities. Condoms act as a barrier, stopping the exchange of bodily fluids and preventing the virus from entering the body. When used correctly, especially with a water-based lubricant, they are highly effective.
Latex dental dams act as a barrier that helps prevent the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections during oral sex.
Free condoms are available at many locations. Check our map to see where you can get them.
How to treat HIV
HIV has no cure, but it can be treated with antiretroviral (ARV) medication that help people live longer, healthier lives.
All people living with HIV should start treatment immediately to control the virus and reduce their viral load. Following the treatment correctly and taking medication on schedule is essential for a good health outcome. Proper adherence helps prevent the virus from mutating and developing resistance, and makes it easier to achieve an undetectable viral load (UVL).
The viral load represents the number of viruses circulating in the blood. When it becomes undetectable, it means the amount is so low that standard tests cannot detect it for at least six months. Although people with an undetectable viral load are still living with HIV, they do not transmit the virus sexually. However, transmission can still occur through other means, such as breastfeeding.
With proper treatment and care, people living with HIV can lead long, healthy lives.
